{"data":{"id":16214,"title":"A Quick Guide to SRX","rsi_url":"https:\/\/robertsspaceindustries.com\/comm-link\/spectrum-dispatch\/16214-A-Quick-Guide-To-SRX","api_url":"https:\/\/api.star-citizen.wiki\/api\/comm-links\/16214","api_public_url":"https:\/\/api.star-citizen.wiki\/comm-links\/16214","channel":"Undefined","category":"Undefined","series":"Lore Builder","images":[{"id":6492,"name":"Ueecrest.png","rsi_url":"https:\/\/robertsspaceindustries.com\/media\/oh4sx3dwzk32sr\/source\/Ueecrest.png","alt":"","size":264559,"mime_type":"image\/png","last_modified":"2017-10-31T19:06:30+00:00","api_url":"https:\/\/api.star-citizen.wiki\/api\/comm-link-images\/6492","similar_url":"https:\/\/api.star-citizen.wiki\/api\/comm-link-images\/6492\/similar"},{"id":6497,"name":"RangeofpitchXian.jpg","rsi_url":"https:\/\/robertsspaceindustries.com\/media\/u4kalk11coec9r\/source\/RangeofpitchXian.jpg","alt":"A human model for Xi'an pitch","size":132933,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","last_modified":"2017-10-27T15:34:17+00:00","api_url":"https:\/\/api.star-citizen.wiki\/api\/comm-link-images\/6497","similar_url":"https:\/\/api.star-citizen.wiki\/api\/comm-link-images\/6497\/similar"}],"images_count":2,"translations":{"en_EN":"Because the UEE has a long history of contact with the Xi\u2019an, and because that history was not always based on freely flowing cultural exchange, Xi\u2019an words have ended up spelled many different ways when written in the Roman alphabet. For example, even the name Xi\u2019an itself is commonly spelled Xi\u2019An with an intermittent capitalized \u201cA\u201d in many contexts. This occurred due to misconceptions about Xi\u2019an writing in early centuries. We also commonly spell the Xi\u2019an planet name Ka\u2019ua as C\u00e1wa based on how non-Xi\u2019an speakers heard it being pronounced centuries ago. The Xi\u2019an Emperor\u2019s family line (technically: Kr.\u0113) is spelled Kray in everyday Standard. The Xi\u2019an given names U.al, R.\u0113th, and S.oam are often spelled as Wal, Rayth, and Soahm respectively. These spellings are not incorrect and spelling names in this way is not offensive to the Xi\u2019an, but this humanized way of writing their language fails to account for the fact that Xi\u2019an is pitch-based and that pitch is important.\n\nEnter SRX (Standard Romanized Xi\u2019an): a notation system developed collaboratively between the UEE Diplomatic Corps Office of Xenolinguistic Protocol (DC OxLP) and The Xi\u2019an Imperial Academy. You have likely already noticed interstitial periods (example: Kr.\u0113) and interstitial apostrophes (as in: Xi\u2019an) and possibly even \u2018orphaned\u2019 quotation marks (e.g.: Li\u201d) when encountering SRX. These punctuation marks were selected from the regular human repertoire of symbols because they roughly parallel the annotative diacritics that the Xi\u2019an use in their native orthography (writing system). The Xi\u2019an pitch system will be explained in great deal at a later date. For now, we\u2019ve created this guide so you don\u2019t feel totally lost when reading the Xi\u2019an Dictionary. A Guide to Pitch Markers in SRX naithl\u016bn : deep understanding and appreciation for something : example of neutral pitch Both syllables of this word are in a completely neutral pitch. Neither receives more stress or emphasis. NAI (as in knife minus the \u2018F\u2019 sound at the end) + THL\u016aN (in which the \u016aN is pronounced much like the \u2018OON\u2019 in croon.) The THL is considered to be a single sound to the Xi\u2019an and we produce it as a contact cluster when we say WITH LOVE very rapidly. Keep your voice very neutral and relaxed when saying naithl\u016bn and give both syllables the same mid-range, neutral pitch. Note that there are no periods or apostrophes present\n\ntyo\u2019ma : culture : example of falling pitch\nThis is the most common pitch pattern in the language, especially for two-syllable words. TYO (one syllable in which you should treat TY as a consonant cluster) is at a medium high pitch and MA falls past neutral to a medium low pitch. Most humans who do not already speak a pitch-based language will hear this as the TYO being stressed. The single apostrophe signals that the pitch drops on MA.\n\nm.oa : all, total, every : example of low pitch\nThis pitch pattern with a single interstitial period indicates that the pitch is low. M.OA is pronounced as a single syllable, very much like the extinct terrestrial bird but with the voice kept equally low on both the O and the A, which linguists count as a diphthong. The period that indicates low pitch is typically placed after the consonant if one is present, or before the vowel if there is no consonant. A good example of this is the grammatical particle .U that marks words or phrases that provide context for verbal constructs.\n\nLi\u201d : one\u2019s \u2018path\u2019 as life is lived : example of high pitch\nThis pitch pattern with a single appended double quote (\u201d) indicates that the pitch is high. This marking occurs on single syllable words and on the second syllable when the pitch rises to high. Most rising patterns do not rise all the way to high, but in certain words it is important to \u201cgo all the way up\u201d and when that is the case the high pitch marker is used. It\u2019s important to note that many inherently high-pitch words like Li\u201d lose their formal high pitch when they combine in falling patters. This is the case in Li\u2019t.oua, for example. This is the SRX spelling of the Xi\u2019an \u201creligious\u201d tradition that you may know commonly spelled in the UEE as Li\u2019tova or Lit\u00f2va. In this word the initial LI syllable occurs at only a mid-high pitch. Inherently high-pitched syllables are much more likely to retain high pitch when they occur as the very last syllable in a compound word. For example n.aiLi\u201d, (\u201cminor enlightenment\u201d from the Li\u2019tova tradition). In this word, NAI is at a mid-low pitch or even neutral pitch and \u201cpops up\u201d all the way into the high range on LI. This is a rise-to-high pattern and it is fairly common in the language.\n\ny.a\u2019u : this (indicating this thing) : example of normal rising pitch This pitch pattern is also common in Xi\u2019an, but somewhat less so than the falling pattern. It uses both a dot (period) and an apostrophe to show that the first syllable is lower in pitch than the second. It is important to note that this first period forms a pair with the apostrophe that follows it. They should be read together. And, the YA syllable is not necessarily technically low as you might guess. In fact, it is only mid-low. Similarly, the 2nd syllable, U, is only mid-high. Many learners of Xi\u2019an find this ambiguity in SRX annoying and there have been Human attempts in the past to adopt a comma in lieu of a period for marking this pitch pattern because they argue it would better mimic the native Xi\u2019an spelling diacritics. However, objections recognized, the period + apostrophe solution stands. The saving grace in this ambiguity in SRX is that in the spoken language, in almost ALL rising pattens, no meaningful difference occurs in a mid-low vs. true-low pitch departure point for the rise. That is to say, it is not really necessary to mark a theoretical true-low vs. mid-low pitch because the modern language does not make that distinction except in a few minor-world dialects that you are very unlikely to encounter and some slang. When linguists make notes on dialect using SRX, true-low in a rising configuration is marked with .. as in the Xi\u2019an youth slang term m..\u00e2man\u201d (\u201ccrazy like a human\u201d \u2014 this is actually a positive connotation meaning that one is able to thoroughly enjoy oneself without any inhibition). In this term the first syllable is true-low and the rise is to true-high. You will not encounter this in everyday speech. More will follow later on other patterns, but it is also important to be able to recognize the rise-to-fall pattern as in .ithl\u2019e\u2019a (moral; ethics; \u201cthe right choice\u201d). The I is mid-low. THLE is mid-high. And then the final A falls to mid-low again. Double Vowels and Diphthongs Next, a few cautionary words about the long vowels indicated with macrons and the double i (\u0101, \u0113, ii, \u014d, \u016b). Making a proper vowel length distinction is a bit more necessary in Xi\u2019an than having perfect pitch. You are more likely to be misunderstood for this linguistic faux pas than for not getting your pitch high or low enough. For example, .i (choice; selection) vs. .ii (multiply; duplicate; breed). Or, al (outgoing; external; projecting externally; depart; exit; export) vs. \u0101l (sub conscious meditation; fugue meditation; reverie). There can also be an interplay of pitch and vowel length in getting your meaning right. a (object; tangible thing) vs. a\u201d (fit; fit into) vs. .\u0101 (continuation; (forward) movement). ii (light; brightness; shine) could be compared to .ii and .i above. Also germane to this comparison: ia (\u201cepic\u201d (holy, in the sense of \u2018beyond belief\u2019)) vs. ii\u2019a (plant (generic term for plant); flora (juxtaposed against fauna)). These distinctions also occur in the diphthong pairs: ai*\/*\u0101i, ao*\/*\u0101o, and oa*\/*\u014da. (Note that ia and ea are not technically considered diphthongs by Xi\u2019an linguists, but many Humans hear them as such.) It is best to learn these distinctions by listening to native speakers and imitating them.\n\nFinally, a note on u+a, e, i, o and the diphthongs: It is pronounced as \u2018W\u2019 in this context. Hence ua = wah, ue = weh, ui = wee, uo = woh. This remains the case when combined with other consonants. pua, nua, and kuo produce pwah, nwah, and kwoh, not poo-ah, noo-ah, or koo-oh. Similarly, \u2018Y\u2019 produces consonant clusters with other consonants. It is never a vowel by itself as it is in UEE Standard.","de_DE":"Da die UEE eine lange Geschichte des Kontakts mit den Xi'an hat und diese Geschichte nicht immer auf einem frei flie\u00dfenden kulturellen Austausch beruhte, haben Xi'an-W\u00f6rter am Ende viele verschiedene Schreibweisen, wenn sie im r\u00f6mischen Alphabet geschrieben wurden. Zum Beispiel wird sogar der Name Xi'an selbst allgemein als Xi'An geschrieben, mit einem in vielen Kontexten intermittierend gro\u00dfgeschriebenen \"A\". Dies geschah aufgrund von Missverst\u00e4ndnissen \u00fcber das Schreiben Xi'ans in den fr\u00fchen Jahrhunderten. Wir buchstabieren den Xi'an Planetennamen Ka'ua auch allgemein als C\u00e1wa, basierend darauf, wie Nicht-Xi'an-Sprecher ihn vor Jahrhunderten ausgesprochen haben. Die Familienlinie des Xi'an Kaisers (technisch: Kr.\u0113) ist im t\u00e4glichen Standard Kray geschrieben. Die Xi'an-Vornamen U.al, R.\u0113th und S.oam werden oft mit Wal, Rayth und Soahm geschrieben. Diese Schreibweisen sind nicht falsch und die Rechtschreibung von Namen auf diese Weise ist f\u00fcr die Xi'an nicht beleidigend, aber diese humanisierte Art, ihre Sprache zu schreiben, tr\u00e4gt nicht der Tatsache Rechnung, dass Xi'an auf Pitch basiert und diese Pitch wichtig ist.\n\nEnter SRX (Standard Romanized Xi'an): ein Notationssystem, das in Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem UEE Diplomatic Corps Office of Xenolinguistic Protocol (DC OxLP) und der Xi'an Imperial Academy entwickelt wurde. Sie haben wahrscheinlich bereits interstitielle Perioden (Beispiel: Kr.\u0113) und interstitielle Apostrophe (wie in: Xi'an) und m\u00f6glicherweise sogar verwaiste Anf\u00fchrungszeichen (z.B.: Li\") bei der Begegnung mit SRX bemerkt. Diese Satzzeichen wurden aus dem regul\u00e4ren menschlichen Symbolrepertoire ausgew\u00e4hlt, weil sie ungef\u00e4hr den annotativen diakritischen Zeichen entsprechen, die die Xi'an in ihrer eigenen Orthographie (Schriftsystem) verwenden. Das Xi'an Pitchsystem wird zu einem sp\u00e4teren Zeitpunkt ausf\u00fchrlich erl\u00e4utert. F\u00fcrs Erste haben wir diesen Leitfaden erstellt, damit Sie sich beim Lesen des Xi'an-W\u00f6rterbuchs nicht v\u00f6llig verloren f\u00fchlen.\n\n\n\nEin Leitfaden f\u00fcr Pitch-Marker in SRX\nnaithl\u016bn : tiefes Verst\u00e4ndnis und Wertsch\u00e4tzung f\u00fcr etwas : Beispiel einer neutralen Tonh\u00f6he\nBeide Silben dieses Wortes befinden sich in einer v\u00f6llig neutralen Tonlage. Keiner von beiden erh\u00e4lt mehr Stress oder Betonung. NAI (wie im Messer minus dem F-Sound am Ende) + THL\u016aN (in dem das \u016aN \u00e4hnlich wie das OON im Croon ausgesprochen wird.) Das THL gilt als ein einziger Sound f\u00fcr das Xi'an und wir produzieren es als Kontaktcluster, wenn wir sehr schnell WITH LOVE sagen. Halten Sie Ihre Stimme sehr neutral und entspannt, wenn Sie naithl\u016bn sagen und geben Sie beiden Silben den gleichen mittleren und neutralen Ton. Beachten Sie, dass keine Punkte oder Apostrophe vorhanden sind.\n\ntyo'ma : kultur : beispiel f\u00fcr fallende neigung\nDies ist das h\u00e4ufigste Tonh\u00f6henmuster in der Sprache, insbesondere bei zweisilbigen W\u00f6rtern. TYO (eine Silbe, in der Sie TY als Konsonantencluster behandeln sollten) befindet sich in einem mittleren H\u00f6henbereich und MA f\u00e4llt \u00fcber den Neutralleiter hinaus auf einen mittleren Tiefenbereich. Die meisten Menschen, die noch keine pechbasierte Sprache sprechen, werden dies als TYO-Stress h\u00f6ren. Das einzelne Apostroph signalisiert, dass die Tonh\u00f6he auf MA f\u00e4llt.\n\nm.oa : alle, gesamt, alle : Beispiel f\u00fcr tiefe T\u00f6ne\nDieses Tonh\u00f6henmuster mit einer einzigen interstitiellen Periode zeigt an, dass die Tonh\u00f6he niedrig ist. M.OA wird als eine einzige Silbe ausgesprochen, sehr \u00e4hnlich wie der ausgestorbene irdische Vogel, aber mit der Stimme, die sowohl auf dem O als auch auf dem A, das von Linguisten als Diphthong gez\u00e4hlt wird, gleicherma\u00dfen niedrig gehalten wird. Die Periode, die eine tiefe Tonh\u00f6he anzeigt, wird typischerweise nach dem Konsonanten platziert, wenn einer vorhanden ist, oder vor dem Vokal, wenn es keinen Konsonanten gibt. Ein gutes Beispiel daf\u00fcr ist das grammatikalische Partikel .U, das W\u00f6rter oder Phrasen markiert, die Kontext f\u00fcr verbale Konstrukte liefern.\n\nLi\": der eigene \"Weg\", wie das Leben gelebt wird : Beispiel f\u00fcr hohe T\u00f6ne\nDieses Pitchmuster mit einem einfach angeh\u00e4ngten doppelten Anf\u00fchrungszeichen (\") zeigt an, dass die Tonh\u00f6he hoch ist. Diese Markierung erfolgt bei einzelnen Silbenw\u00f6rtern und bei der zweiten Silbe, wenn die Tonh\u00f6he zu hoch ansteigt. Die meisten steigenden Muster steigen nicht ganz zu hoch, aber in bestimmten Worten ist es wichtig, \"ganz nach oben zu gehen\", und wenn das der Fall ist, wird der High Pitch Marker verwendet. Es ist wichtig zu beachten, dass viele inh\u00e4rent hochfrequente W\u00f6rter wie Li\" ihre formale hohe Tonh\u00f6he verlieren, wenn sie sich zu fallenden Mustern kombinieren. Dies ist zum Beispiel bei Li't.oua der Fall. Dies ist die SRX-Schreibweise der Xi'an \"religi\u00f6sen\" Tradition, die Sie vielleicht kennen, die in der UEE allgemein als Li'tova oder Lit\u00f2va geschrieben wird. In diesem Wort tritt die anf\u00e4ngliche LI-Silbe nur bei einer mittleren Tonh\u00f6he auf. Inh\u00e4rent hohe Silben sind viel wahrscheinlicher, dass sie hohe T\u00f6ne behalten, wenn sie als letzte Silbe in einem zusammengesetzten Wort auftreten. Zum Beispiel n.aiLi\", (\"kleine Erleuchtung\" aus der Li'tova-Tradition). In diesem Wort ist NAI in einer mittleren oder sogar neutralen Tonh\u00f6he und \"springt\" bis in den oberen Bereich auf LI. Dies ist ein Rise to High-Muster, das in der Sprache recht verbreitet ist.\n\ny.a'u : dies (zeigt dieses Ding an) : Beispiel einer normalen Steigung\nDieses Tonh\u00f6henmuster ist auch in Xi'an verbreitet, aber etwas weniger als das Fallmuster. Es verwendet sowohl einen Punkt (Punkt) als auch ein Apostroph, um zu zeigen, dass die erste Silbe tiefer liegt als die zweite. Es ist wichtig zu beachten, dass diese erste Periode ein Paar mit dem darauf folgenden Apostroph bildet. Sie sollten zusammen gelesen werden. Und, die YA-Silbe ist nicht unbedingt technisch niedrig, wie Sie vielleicht vermuten. Tats\u00e4chlich ist es nur mittelm\u00e4\u00dfig niedrig. Ebenso ist die zweite Silbe, U, nur mittelhoch. Viele Xi'an-Lerner finden diese Mehrdeutigkeit im SRX \u00e4rgerlich, und es gab in der Vergangenheit menschliche Versuche, ein Komma anstelle eines Punktes f\u00fcr die Markierung dieses Tonh\u00f6henmusters zu verwenden, weil sie argumentieren, dass es besser die nativen Xi'an-Buchstabierdiakritika nachahmen w\u00fcrde. Allerdings, so die Einw\u00e4nde erkannt, steht der Zeitraum + Apostroph L\u00f6sung. Die rettende Gnade in dieser Ambiguit\u00e4t in SRX ist, dass in der gesprochenen Sprache, in fast ALLEN steigenden Pattens, kein signifikanter Unterschied in einem Mid-Low vs. True-Low Pitch Ausgangspunkt f\u00fcr den Anstieg auftritt. Das hei\u00dft, es ist nicht wirklich notwendig, eine theoretische True-Low- vs. Mid-Low-Pitch zu markieren, da die moderne Sprache diese Unterscheidung nicht macht, au\u00dfer in einigen wenigen Minor-World-Dialekten, denen man sehr unwahrscheinlich begegnet, und einem gewissen Slang. Wenn Sprachwissenschaftler Notizen \u00fcber den Dialekt mit SRX machen, wird wahrhaftig niedrig in einer aufsteigenden Konfiguration mit ... wie im Xi'an Jugendslangbegriff m..\u00e2man\" (\"crazy like a human\" - das ist eigentlich eine positive Konnotation, was bedeutet, dass man sich ohne jegliche Hemmung gr\u00fcndlich am\u00fcsieren kann) markiert. In diesem Begriff ist die erste Silbe wahrhaftig niedrig und der Anstieg ist zu wahrhaftig hoch. Das wirst du in der Alltagssprache nicht erleben. Weitere werden sp\u00e4ter auf andere Muster folgen, aber es ist auch wichtig, das Rise-to-Fall-Muster wie in .ithl'e'a (Moral; Ethik; \"die richtige Wahl\") erkennen zu k\u00f6nnen. Das Ich ist mittelm\u00e4\u00dfig niedrig. THLE ist mittelhoch. Und dann f\u00e4llt das letzte A wieder in die Mitte-niedrig.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDoppelte Vokale und Diphthonge\nAls n\u00e4chstes ein paar warnende Worte zu den langen Vokalen, die mit Makronen und dem Doppel-I gekennzeichnet sind (\u0101, \u0113, ii, \u014d, \u016b). Eine korrekte Unterscheidung der Vokall\u00e4nge ist in Xi'an etwas notwendiger als eine perfekte Tonh\u00f6he. Du wirst eher f\u00fcr diesen sprachlichen Fauxpas missverstanden, als daf\u00fcr, dass du deine Tonh\u00f6he nicht hoch oder niedrig genug bekommen hast. Zum Beispiel .i (Auswahl; Auswahl) vs. .ii (multiplizieren; duplizieren; z\u00fcchten). Oder al (ausgehend; extern; nach au\u00dfen projizierend; abreisen; Ausgang; Export) vs. \u0101l (subbewusste Meditation; Fugenmeditation; Tr\u00e4umerei). Es kann auch ein Zusammenspiel von Tonh\u00f6he und Vokall\u00e4nge geben, um Ihre Bedeutung richtig zu verstehen. a (Objekt; greifbare Sache) vs. a\" (fit; fit; fit into) vs. .\u0101 (Fortsetzung; (Vorw\u00e4rts-)Bewegung). ii (Licht; Helligkeit; Glanz) k\u00f6nnte mit .ii und .i oben verglichen werden. Auch deutsch f\u00fcr diesen Vergleich: ia (\"episch\" (heilig, im Sinne von \"unvorstellbar\")) vs. ii'a (Pflanze (Oberbegriff f\u00fcr Pflanze); Flora (gegen\u00fcber der Fauna)). Diese Unterschiede treten auch in den Diphthong-Paaren auf: ai*\/*\u0101i, ao*\/*\u0101o und oa*\/*\u014da. (Beachten Sie, dass ia und ea von Xi'an-Linguisten technisch gesehen keine Diphthongs sind, aber viele Menschen h\u00f6ren sie als solche.) Es ist am besten, diese Unterschiede zu erlernen, indem man Muttersprachlern zuh\u00f6rt und sie imitiert.\n\nAbschlie\u00dfend noch eine Anmerkung zu u+a, e, e, i, o und den Diphthongs: Es wird in diesem Zusammenhang als \"W\" ausgesprochen. Daher ua = wah, ue = we, ui = wee, uo = woh. Dies bleibt der Fall, wenn es mit anderen Konsonanten kombiniert wird. pua, nua und kuo produzieren pwah, nwah und kwoh, nicht poo-ah, noo-ah oder koo-oh. Ebenso erzeugt \"Y\" Konsonantencluster mit anderen Konsonanten. Es ist nie ein Vokal an sich, wie es im UEE-Standard ist.","zh_CN":"Because the UEE has a long history of contact with the Xi\u2019an, and because that history was not always based on freely flowing cultural exchange, Xi\u2019an words have ended up spelled many different ways when written in the Roman alphabet. For example, even the name Xi\u2019an itself is commonly spelled Xi\u2019An with an intermittent capitalized \u201cA\u201d in many contexts. This occurred due to misconceptions about Xi\u2019an writing in early centuries. We also commonly spell the Xi\u2019an planet name Ka\u2019ua as C\u00e1wa based on how non-Xi\u2019an speakers heard it being pronounced centuries ago. The Xi\u2019an Emperor\u2019s family line (technically: Kr.\u0113) is spelled Kray in everyday Standard. The Xi\u2019an given names U.al, R.\u0113th, and S.oam are often spelled as Wal, Rayth, and Soahm respectively. These spellings are not incorrect and spelling names in this way is not offensive to the Xi\u2019an, but this humanized way of writing their language fails to account for the fact that Xi\u2019an is pitch-based and that pitch is important.\n\nEnter SRX (Standard Romanized Xi\u2019an): a notation system developed collaboratively between the UEE Diplomatic Corps Office of Xenolinguistic Protocol (DC OxLP) and The Xi\u2019an Imperial Academy. You have likely already noticed interstitial periods (example: Kr.\u0113) and interstitial apostrophes (as in: Xi\u2019an) and possibly even \u2018orphaned\u2019 quotation marks (e.g.: Li\u201d) when encountering SRX. These punctuation marks were selected from the regular human repertoire of symbols because they roughly parallel the annotative diacritics that the Xi\u2019an use in their native orthography (writing system). The Xi\u2019an pitch system will be explained in great deal at a later date. For now, we\u2019ve created this guide so you don\u2019t feel totally lost when reading the Xi\u2019an Dictionary. A Guide to Pitch Markers in SRX naithl\u016bn : deep understanding and appreciation for something : example of neutral pitch Both syllables of this word are in a completely neutral pitch. Neither receives more stress or emphasis. NAI (as in knife minus the \u2018F\u2019 sound at the end) + THL\u016aN (in which the \u016aN is pronounced much like the \u2018OON\u2019 in croon.) The THL is considered to be a single sound to the Xi\u2019an and we produce it as a contact cluster when we say WITH LOVE very rapidly. Keep your voice very neutral and relaxed when saying naithl\u016bn and give both syllables the same mid-range, neutral pitch. Note that there are no periods or apostrophes present\n\ntyo\u2019ma : culture : example of falling pitch\nThis is the most common pitch pattern in the language, especially for two-syllable words. TYO (one syllable in which you should treat TY as a consonant cluster) is at a medium high pitch and MA falls past neutral to a medium low pitch. Most humans who do not already speak a pitch-based language will hear this as the TYO being stressed. The single apostrophe signals that the pitch drops on MA.\n\nm.oa : all, total, every : example of low pitch\nThis pitch pattern with a single interstitial period indicates that the pitch is low. M.OA is pronounced as a single syllable, very much like the extinct terrestrial bird but with the voice kept equally low on both the O and the A, which linguists count as a diphthong. The period that indicates low pitch is typically placed after the consonant if one is present, or before the vowel if there is no consonant. A good example of this is the grammatical particle .U that marks words or phrases that provide context for verbal constructs.\n\nLi\u201d : one\u2019s \u2018path\u2019 as life is lived : example of high pitch\nThis pitch pattern with a single appended double quote (\u201d) indicates that the pitch is high. This marking occurs on single syllable words and on the second syllable when the pitch rises to high. Most rising patterns do not rise all the way to high, but in certain words it is important to \u201cgo all the way up\u201d and when that is the case the high pitch marker is used. It\u2019s important to note that many inherently high-pitch words like Li\u201d lose their formal high pitch when they combine in falling patters. This is the case in Li\u2019t.oua, for example. This is the SRX spelling of the Xi\u2019an \u201creligious\u201d tradition that you may know commonly spelled in the UEE as Li\u2019tova or Lit\u00f2va. In this word the initial LI syllable occurs at only a mid-high pitch. Inherently high-pitched syllables are much more likely to retain high pitch when they occur as the very last syllable in a compound word. For example n.aiLi\u201d, (\u201cminor enlightenment\u201d from the Li\u2019tova tradition). In this word, NAI is at a mid-low pitch or even neutral pitch and \u201cpops up\u201d all the way into the high range on LI. This is a rise-to-high pattern and it is fairly common in the language.\n\ny.a\u2019u : this (indicating this thing) : example of normal rising pitch This pitch pattern is also common in Xi\u2019an, but somewhat less so than the falling pattern. It uses both a dot (period) and an apostrophe to show that the first syllable is lower in pitch than the second. It is important to note that this first period forms a pair with the apostrophe that follows it. They should be read together. And, the YA syllable is not necessarily technically low as you might guess. In fact, it is only mid-low. Similarly, the 2nd syllable, U, is only mid-high. Many learners of Xi\u2019an find this ambiguity in SRX annoying and there have been Human attempts in the past to adopt a comma in lieu of a period for marking this pitch pattern because they argue it would better mimic the native Xi\u2019an spelling diacritics. However, objections recognized, the period + apostrophe solution stands. The saving grace in this ambiguity in SRX is that in the spoken language, in almost ALL rising pattens, no meaningful difference occurs in a mid-low vs. true-low pitch departure point for the rise. That is to say, it is not really necessary to mark a theoretical true-low vs. mid-low pitch because the modern language does not make that distinction except in a few minor-world dialects that you are very unlikely to encounter and some slang. When linguists make notes on dialect using SRX, true-low in a rising configuration is marked with .. as in the Xi\u2019an youth slang term m..\u00e2man\u201d (\u201ccrazy like a human\u201d \u2014 this is actually a positive connotation meaning that one is able to thoroughly enjoy oneself without any inhibition). In this term the first syllable is true-low and the rise is to true-high. You will not encounter this in everyday speech. More will follow later on other patterns, but it is also important to be able to recognize the rise-to-fall pattern as in .ithl\u2019e\u2019a (moral; ethics; \u201cthe right choice\u201d). The I is mid-low. THLE is mid-high. And then the final A falls to mid-low again. Double Vowels and Diphthongs Next, a few cautionary words about the long vowels indicated with macrons and the double i (\u0101, \u0113, ii, \u014d, \u016b). Making a proper vowel length distinction is a bit more necessary in Xi\u2019an than having perfect pitch. You are more likely to be misunderstood for this linguistic faux pas than for not getting your pitch high or low enough. For example, .i (choice; selection) vs. .ii (multiply; duplicate; breed). Or, al (outgoing; external; projecting externally; depart; exit; export) vs. \u0101l (sub conscious meditation; fugue meditation; reverie). There can also be an interplay of pitch and vowel length in getting your meaning right. a (object; tangible thing) vs. a\u201d (fit; fit into) vs. .\u0101 (continuation; (forward) movement). ii (light; brightness; shine) could be compared to .ii and .i above. Also germane to this comparison: ia (\u201cepic\u201d (holy, in the sense of \u2018beyond belief\u2019)) vs. ii\u2019a (plant (generic term for plant); flora (juxtaposed against fauna)). These distinctions also occur in the diphthong pairs: ai*\/*\u0101i, ao*\/*\u0101o, and oa*\/*\u014da. (Note that ia and ea are not technically considered diphthongs by Xi\u2019an linguists, but many Humans hear them as such.) It is best to learn these distinctions by listening to native speakers and imitating them.\n\nFinally, a note on u+a, e, i, o and the diphthongs: It is pronounced as \u2018W\u2019 in this context. Hence ua = wah, ue = weh, ui = wee, uo = woh. This remains the case when combined with other consonants. pua, nua, and kuo produce pwah, nwah, and kwoh, not poo-ah, noo-ah, or koo-oh. Similarly, \u2018Y\u2019 produces consonant clusters with other consonants. It is never a vowel by itself as it is in UEE Standard."},"links_count":1,"comment_count":58,"created_at":"2017-10-27T00:00:00+00:00","created_at_human":"8 years ago"},"meta":{"processed_at":"2026-05-07 23:44:30","valid_relations":["images","links"],"prev_id":16212,"next_id":16216}}